Politics and finance move together: each policy change rearranges markets, and each market shift creates new policy incentives. Donald Trump’s well-known negotiating style — anchoring high, manufacturing urgency, then retreating just far enough to claim a win — offers a useful template for understanding Washington’s 2025 GENIUS Act on stablecoins.
From Trump’s Philosophy to Dollar Digitalization
President Trump opened trade talks with China and India by threatening “reciprocal tariffs,” then settled for narrower concessions on soybeans, pharmaceuticals, and digital services. The pattern mattered more than the particulars: start with maximum leverage, control the narrative, close quickly when the counterparty blinks.
Stablecoins presented a similar opportunity. By 2024, they had become essential plumbing for crypto markets and crossborder payments, yet they sat in a regulatory gray zone. The GENIUS Act pulled them into US jurisdiction, requiring 100 percent backing with cash and Treasurys, and placing issuers under Federal Reserve supervision. The result: fintech firms gained legal clarity, Treasurys gained a new buyer base, and the dollar acquired a programmable form factor for the next phase of global payments.
In this sense, the Act was not a technocratic tweak but a strategic negotiation — one that leverages private innovation to extend the reach of US monetary power.
Stablecoins: From Faster Payments to Digital Dollar Power
Stablecoins do not compete with the dollar; they repackage it for blockchains. USDT, USDC, and their peers function as dollar clearing lines that operate outside traditional correspondent banking, moving value across borders in minutes rather than the two-to-five-business-day window of SWIFT wires. In software terms, they compress both trust (collateral is visible on-chain or attested monthly) and time (settlement is embedded in the transaction itself).
Mainstream adoption confirms the shift. Visa settles merchant payouts in USDC; PayPal and Stripe use it for crossborder remittances; BlackRock parks short-term Treasurys behind Circle’s reserves. Once speculative, these tokens now act as the payment rails for NFT markets, DAO payrolls, and dollar-based remittances in emerging economies.
That reach amounts to a new kind of sovereignty. Control of the protocol — reserve rules, blacklist functions, upgrade paths — confers influence that is less visible than Federal Reserve policy but just as real. By installing a programmable, always-on dollar in decentralized networks, stablecoins extend US monetary power into domains where central banks have never operated.
The GENIUS Act: Institutionalizing Stablecoins
By July 2025, the market value of dollarpegged stablecoins had climbed to roughly $255 billion, making tokens such as USDT and USDC indispensable for decentralized finance, crossborder payrolls, and on-chain trade credit. Yet the sector’s apparent strength masked structural fragility. When Silicon Valley Bank failed in March 2023, USDC briefly traded at $0.87 — a reminder that even “digital dollars” can wobble if reserves are opaque or inaccessible. Europe’s MiCA rules, which tightened disclosure and capital requirements, and Hong Kong’s new licensing regime for HKD-linked coins signaled that other jurisdictions were racing to shape the rules themselves. Washington did not want to lose the initiative.
Congress responded with the GENIUS Act, a law that folds stablecoin issuance into the existing US financial perimeter while leaving day-to-day innovation to private code. The statute mandates that every circulating token be backed one-for-one by cash or short-term Treasury bills, verified by monthly attestations from registered accountants. Issuers must register with the Federal Reserve and apply full AML and KYC screening to wallet activity. In other words, the Act grafts the supervisory tools of the banking system onto a technology that was born outside it.
Institutionalization has already paid three strategic dividends. First, a programmable dollar now circulates natively inside Web3 marketplaces, DAO payroll systems, and small firm supply chain platforms, extending US monetary reach to territories where correspondent banks never operated. Second, compulsory collateralization has turned stablecoin treasurers into steady buyers of government debt: in 2025 stablecoin treasurers hold approximately $160–200 billion in short-term US Treasurys, an unheralded boost for deficit finance. Third, on-chain transparency gives the Treasury and FinCEN near-real-time visibility into crossborder flows and illicit finance, transforming granular wallet data into regulatory leverage.
The bargain is straightforward: lawmakers obtain surveillance tools and demand for bonds, issuers win legal certainty, and users keep the speed and finality of blockchain settlement. What remains untested is whether the same framework can contain the next liquidity shock — or whether another peg break will force an even tighter grip.
From Spontaneous Order to Legislative Codification: The Hayekian Path of Stablecoins
In the history of financial infrastructure, regulation rarely precedes innovation. This is especially true in the case of digital assets — where code, not committees, led the way. To understand why stablecoins have become a pillar of American digital strategy, we must return to one of the most foundational ideas in economics: spontaneous order.
F.A. Hayek, the Austrian economist and philosopher, argued that many of the most effective institutions in society emerge not by central design but through decentralized trial and error. In his works The Use of Knowledge in Society and Law, Legislation and Liberty, Hayek warned against the arrogance of planning. Markets, he argued, embody a form of dispersed intelligence — aggregating individual preferences, constraints, and insights into dynamic patterns of coordination that no planner could replicate.
Nowhere is this more evident than in the evolution of Bitcoin. Initially dismissed as a Ponzi scheme or digital gimmick, Bitcoin slowly earned credibility — not through government endorsement, but through use. Its first known transaction — a pizza purchased for 10,000 BTC — was not merely trivia; it was the moment value was assigned in a peer-driven economy. As adoption spread, Bitcoin began functioning as a store of value and a transnational asset class, eventually influencing central bank policy debates and sovereignty narratives.
But the true Hayekian revolution arrived with stablecoins. Unlike Bitcoin, these instruments were not deflationary digital gold, but liquid, fiat-referenced settlement tools. USDT, USDC, and others responded to a real-world need: to facilitate trust, accelerate contract completion, and bypass banking intermediaries in a globally fragmented payments landscape. Their growth was not mandated. It was organic — driven by developers, traders, gig workers, and remittance users who found in stablecoins the functionality that legacy systems lacked.
This bottom-up adoption eventually forced the hand of governments. The US GENIUS Act, Hong Kong’s Stablecoin Ordinance, and the EU’s evolving MiCA framework are not acts of regulatory foresight — they are institutional catch-up. Each reflects the recognition that stablecoins have crossed a threshold of legitimacy that can no longer be ignored. The state, in this case, is not the originator of order but its respondent.
In doing so, these legislative moves are expanding the very definition of capital goods. Where once only factories, patents, and real estate occupied the economic imagination, today we must include digital protocols, asset-backed tokens, and settlement systems in the category of productive infrastructure. The passage of law does not replace spontaneous order — it enshrines it. Stablecoin legislation does not conclude innovation — it triggers new iterations: programmable finance, self-custody networks, DAO-linked payments, and real-time international remittance.
This transformation affirms Hayek’s thesis. The most enduring economic orders are those that evolve from below, not those imposed from above. And in the realm of programmable money, the power of institution over innovation is increasingly created after the fact — not at its inception.
Ledger Competition: Dollar Rails vs RMB Networks
Stablecoin dollarization is no longer unchallenged. China’s digital renminbi stack, tested through the mBridge project with Hong Kong, the UAE, and Thailand, has the potential to move millions of US dollars in payments — entirely outside the SWIFT/CHIPS loop. Hong Kong is adding HKD-pegged tokens to the same rails, creating a two-currency channel that could scale.
Washington’s counterstrategy is dual: push dollarpegged coins everywhere while tightening supervision at home to keep them from becoming an unregulated shadow bank. The real prize is not the symbol on the token but control of the ledger — who can audit it, pause it, or upgrade it.
China’s own trajectory underscores the fluidity of ledger politics. After dominating Bitcoin mining in the 2010s, Beijing banned open-network tokens in 2021, driving hash power offshore. Since 2023, it has pivoted again: provincial authorities promote permissioned chains, regulators have folded confiscated crypto into state wallets, and the central bank is active in global technical standards bodies. The contest has moved from raw computing power to protocol governance. Strategic advantage is now not in innovation, but control of regulation.
Conclusion: Sovereignty in Software
Every payment network encodes a hierarchy of trust. Stablecoins shift that hierarchy from correspondent banks to executable code. For the United States, the GENIUS Act ties this new rail to the dollar by anchoring tokens in Treasurys and US compliance rules, turning private innovation into public leverage.
Whether that architecture can outscale China’s state-directed ledger projects will hinge on adoption, not declarations. The network that clears the most transactions with the least friction will write the default standard. In the emerging era of programmable value, monetary primacy will be decided less by whose currency people quote and more by whose settlement ledger they use.